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Background  Flowering time and maturity are among the most important adaptive traits in soybean ( Glycine max  (L.) Merill).  Flowering Locus T  ( FT ) family genes function as key flowering integrators, with flowering-promoting members  GmFT2a/GmFT5a  and flowering-inhibiting members  GmFT4 / GmFT1a  antagonistically regulating vegetative and reproductive growth. However, to date, the relations between natural variations of  FT  family genes and the diversity of flowering time and maturity in soybean are not clear. Therefore, we conducted this study to discover natural variations in  FT  family genes in association with flowering time and maturity.    Results  Ten  FT  family genes,  GmFT1a ,  GmFT1b ,  GmFT2a ,  GmFT2b ,  GmFT3a ,  GmFT3b ,  GmFT4 ,  GmFT5a ,  GmFT5b  and  GmFT6 , were cloned and sequenced in the 127 varieties evenly covering all 14 known maturity groups (MG0000-MGX). They were diversified at the genome sequence polymorphism level.  GmFT3b  and  GmFT5b  might have experienced breeding selection in the process of soybean domestication and breeding. Haplotype analysis showed that a total of 17 haplotypes had correlative relationships with flowering time and maturity among the 10  FT  genes, namely, 1a-H3, 1b-H1, 1b-H6, 1b-H7, 2a-H1, 2a-H3, 2a-H4, 2a-H9, 2b-H3, 2b-H4, 2b-H6, 2b-H7, 3b-H4, 5a-H1, 5a-H2, 5a-H4 and 5b-H1. Based on the association analysis, 38 polymorphic sites had a significant association with flowering time at the level of  p  < 0.01.    Conclusions  Some natural variations exist within the 10  FT  family genes, which might be involved in soybean adaptation to different environments and have an influence on diverse flowering time and maturity. This study will facilitate the understanding of the roles of  FTs  in flowering and maturity.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5577-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Natural variations of FT family genes in soybean varieties covering a wide range of maturity groups