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Background  The SWEET proteins are a group of sugar transporters that play a role in sugar efflux during a range of biological processes, including stress responses. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the  SWEET  family genes in  Brassica oleracea  ( BoSWEET ), and the evolutionary pattern, phylogenetic relationship, gene characteristics of  BoSWEET  genes and their expression patterns under biotic and abiotic stresses remain largely unexplored.    Results  A total of 30  BoSWEET  genes were identified and divided into four clades in  B. oleracea . Phylogenetic analysis of the BoSWEET proteins indicated that clade II formed first, followed by clade I, clade IV and clade III, successively. Clade III, the newest clade, shows signs of rapid expansion. The  Ks  values of the orthologous  SWEET  gene pairs between  B. oleracea  and  Arabidopsis thaliana  ranged from 0.30 to 0.45, which estimated that  B. oleracea  diverged from  A. thaliana  approximately 10 to 15 million years ago. Prediction of transmembrane regions showed that eight BoSWEET proteins contain one characteristic MtN3_slv domain, twenty-one contain two, and one has four. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that five  BoSWEET  genes from clades III and IV exhibited reduced expression levels under chilling stress. Additionally, the expression levels of six  BoSWEET  genes were up-regulated in roots of a clubroot-susceptible cabbage cultivar (CS-JF1) at 7 days after inoculation with  Plasmodiophora brassicae  compared with uninoculated plants, indicating that these genes may play important roles in transporting sugars into sink roots associated with  P. brassicae  colonization in CS-JF1. Subcellular localization analysis of a subset of BoSWEET proteins indicated that they are localized in the plasma membrane.    Conclusions  This study provides important insights into the evolution of the  SWEET  gene family in  B. oleracea  and other species, and represents the first study to characterize phylogenetic relationship, gene structures and expression patterns of the  BoSWEET  genes. These findings provide new insights into the complex transcriptional regulation of  BoSWEET  genes, as well as potential candidate  BoSWEET  genes that promote sugar transport to enhance chilling tolerance and clubroot disease resistance in cabbage.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5454-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of SWEET genes in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) reveal their roles in chilling and clubroot disease responses