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Background  Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif containing proteins play important roles in abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. However, little is known about the origin and evolution as well as comprehensive expression regulation of the  VQ  gene family.    Results  In this study, we systematically surveyed this gene family in 50 plant genomes from algae, moss, gymnosperm and angiosperm and explored their presence in other species from animals, bacteria, fungi and viruses. No  VQs  were detected in all tested algae genomes and all genomes from moss, gymnosperm and angiosperm encode varying numbers of  VQs . Interestingly, some of fungi, lower animals and bacteria also encode single to a few  VQs . Thus, they are not plant-specific and should be regarded as an ancient family. Their family expansion was mainly due to segmental duplication followed by tandem duplication and mobile elements. Limited contribution of gene conversion was detected to the family evolution. Generally,  VQs  were very much conserved in their motif coding region and were under purifying selection. However, positive selection was also observed during species divergence. Many  VQs  were up- or down-regulated by various abiotic / biotic stresses and phytohormones in rice and  Arabidopsis . They were also co-expressed with some of other stress-related genes. All of the expression data suggest a comprehensive expression regulation of the  VQ  gene family.    Conclusions  We provide new insights into gene expansion, divergence, evolution and their expression regulation of this  VQ  family.  VQs  were detectable not only in plants but also in some of fungi, lower animals and bacteria, suggesting the evolutionary conservation and the ancient origin. Overall,  VQs  are non-plant-specific and play roles in abiotic / biotic responses or other biological processes through comprehensive expression regulation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4733-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif coding genes are ancient and non-plant-specific with comprehensive expression regulation by various biotic and abiotic stresses