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Background  In food animal agriculture, there is a need to identify the mechanisms that can improve the efficiency of muscle growth and protein accretion. Callipyge sheep provide excellent machinery since the up-regulation of  DLK1  and  RTL1  results in extreme postnatal muscle hypertrophy in distinct muscles. The aim of this study is to distinguish the genes that directly respond to  DLK1  and  RTL1  signaling from the genes that change as the result of muscle specific effects.    Results  The quantitative PCR results indicated that  DLK1  expression was significantly increased in hypertrophied muscles but not in non-hypertrophied muscles. However,  RTL1  was up-regulated in both hypertrophied and non-hypertrophied muscles. Five genes, including  PARK7 ,  DNTTIP1, SLC22A3, METTL21E  and  PDE4D,  were consistently co-expressed with  DLK1 , and therefore were possible transcriptional target genes responding to  DLK1  signaling. Treatment of myoblast and myotubes with DLK1 protein induced an average of 1.6-fold and 1.4-fold increase in  Dnttip1  and  Pde4d  expression respectively.  Myh4  expression was significantly elevated in DLK1-treated myotubes, whereas the expression of  Mettl21e  was significantly increased in the DLK1-treated myoblasts but reduced in DLK1-treated myotubes. DLK1 treatment had no impact on  Park7  expression. In addition,  Park7  and  Dnttip1  increased  Myh4  and decreased  Myh7  promoter activity, resemble to the effects of  Dlk1 . In contrast, expression of  Mettl21e  increased  Myh7  and decreased  Myh4  luciferase activity.    Conclusion  The study provided additional supports that  RTL1  alone was insufficient to induce muscle hypertrophy and concluded that  DLK1  was likely the primary effector of the hypertrophy phenotype. The results also suggested that  DNTTIP1  and  PDE4D  were secondary effector genes responding to  DLK1  signaling resulting in muscle fiber switch and muscular hypertrophy in callipyge lamb.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4682-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification of genes directly responding to DLK1 signaling in Callipyge sheep