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Background  The plant-specific  gibberellic acid stimulated Arabidopsis  ( GASA ) gene family is critical for plant development. However, little is known about these genes, particularly in fruit tree species.    Results  We identified 15 putative  Arabidopsis thaliana GASA  ( AtGASA ) and 26 apple  GASA  ( MdGASA ) genes. The identified genes were then characterized (e.g., chromosomal location, structure, and evolutionary relationships). All of the identified  A. thaliana  and apple GASA proteins included a conserved GASA domain and exhibited similar characteristics. Specifically, the  MdGASA  expression levels in various tissues and organs were analyzed based on an online gene expression profile and by qRT-PCR. These genes were more highly expressed in the leaves, buds, and fruits compared with the seeds, roots, and seedlings.  MdGASA  genes were also responsive to gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and abscisic acid treatments. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing results revealed seven potential flowering-related  MdGASA  genes. We analyzed the expression levels of these genes in response to flowering-related treatments (GA 3 , 6-benzylaminopurine, and sugar) and in apple varieties that differed in terms of flowering (‘Nagafu No. 2’ and ‘Yanfu No. 6’) during the flower induction period. These candidate  MdGASA  genes exhibited diverse expression patterns. The expression levels of six  MdGASA  genes were inhibited by GA 3 , while the expression of one gene was up-regulated. Additionally, there were expression-level differences induced by the 6-benzylaminopurine and sugar treatments during the flower induction stage, as well as in the different flowering varieties.    Conclusion  This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the  A. thaliana  and apple  GASA  gene families. Our data may provide useful clues for future studies and may support the hypotheses regarding the role of GASA proteins during the flower induction stage in fruit tree species.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4213-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Comprehensive analysis of GASA family members in the Malus domestica genome: identification, characterization, and their expressions in response to apple flower induction