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Background  Common bacterial blight is a devastating bacterial disease of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) caused by  Xanthomonas citri  pv.  fuscans  and  Xanthomonas phaseoli  pv.  phaseoli . These phylogenetically distant strains are able to cause similar symptoms on common bean, suggesting that they have acquired common genetic determinants of adaptation to common bean. Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) effectors are bacterial type III effectors that are able to induce the expression of host genes to promote infection or resistance. Their capacity to bind to a specific host DNA sequence suggests that they are potential candidates for host adaption.    Results  To study the diversity of  tal  genes from  Xanthomonas  strains responsible for common bacterial blight of bean, whole genome sequences of 17 strains representing the diversity of  X. citri  pv.  fuscans  and  X. phaseoli  pv.  phaseoli  were obtained by single molecule real time sequencing. Analysis of these genomes revealed the existence of four  tal  genes named  tal23A ,  tal20F ,  tal18G  and  tal18H , respectively. While  tal20F  and  tal18G  were chromosomic,  tal23A  and  tal18H  were carried on plasmids and shared between phylogenetically distant strains, therefore suggesting recent horizontal transfers of these genes between  X. citri  pv.  fuscans  and  X. phaseoli  pv.  phaseoli  strains. Strikingly,  tal23A  was present in all strains studied, suggesting that it played an important role in adaptation to common bean. In silico predictions of TAL effectors targets in the common bean genome suggested that TAL effectors shared by  X. citri  pv.  fuscans  and  X. phaseoli  pv.  phaseoli  strains target the promoters of genes of similar functions. This could be a trace of convergent evolution among TAL effectors from different phylogenetic groups, and comforts the hypothesis that TAL effectors have been implied in the adaptation to common bean.    Conclusions  Altogether, our results favour a model where plasmidic TAL effectors are able to contribute to host adaptation by being horizontally transferred between distant lineages.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4087-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Xanthomonas adaptation to common bean is associated with horizontal transfers of genes encoding TAL effectors