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Background  The  SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein - like  (SPL) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that function in a variety of developmental processes including growth, flower development, and signal transduction. SPL proteins are encoded by a gene family, and these genes have been characterized in two model grass species,  Zea mays  and  Oryza sativa . The SPL gene family has not been well studied in moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis ), a woody grass species.    Results  We identified 32 putative  PeSPL  genes in the  P. edulis  genome. Phylogenetic analysis arranged the  PeSPL  protein sequences in eight groups. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of the SBP-like and SBP proteins from rice and maize clustered them into eight groups analogous to those from  P. edulis . Furthermore, the deduced  PeSPL  proteins in each group contained very similar conserved sequence motifs. Our analyses indicate that the  PeSPL  genes experienced a large-scale duplication event ~15 million years ago (MYA), and that divergence between the  PeSPL  and  OsSPL  genes occurred 34 MYA. The stress-response expression profiles and tissue-specificity of the putative  PeSPL  gene promoter regions showed that SPL genes in moso bamboo have potential biological functions in stress resistance as well as in growth and development. We therefore examined  PeSPL  gene expression in response to different plant hormone and drought (polyethylene glycol-6000; PEG) treatments to mimic biotic and abiotic stresses. Expression of three ( PeSPL10 , − 12 , − 17 ), six ( PeSPL1 , − 10 , − 12 , − 17 , − 20 , − 31 ), and nine ( PeSPL5 , − 8 , − 9 , − 14 , − 15 , − 19 , − 20 , − 31 , − 32 ) genes remained relatively stable after treating with salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA), and PEG, respectively, while the expression patterns of other genes changed. In addition, analysis of tissue-specific expression of the moso bamboo SPL genes during development showed differences in their spatiotemporal expression patterns, and many were expressed at high levels in flowers and leaves.    Conclusions  The  PeSPL  genes play important roles in plant growth and development, including responses to stresses, and most of the genes are expressed in different tissues. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the  PeSPL  gene family and may enable future studies on the function and evolution of SPL genes in moso bamboo.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3882-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SBP-like transcription factor genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)