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Background  Litchi ( Litchi chinensis  Sonn.) is an economically important evergreen fruit tree widely cultivated in subtropical areas. Low temperature is absolutely required for floral induction of litchi, but its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Leaves of litchi played a key role during floral induction and could be the site of low temperature perception. Therefore, leaves were treated under different temperature (15 °C/25 °C), and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) performed with leaf samples for the  de novo  assembly and digital gene expression (DGE) profiling analyses to investigate low temperature-induced gene expression changes.    Results  83,107 RNA-Seq unigenes were  de novo  assembled with a mean length of 1221 bp and approximately 61% of these unigenes (50,345) were annotated against public protein databases. Differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) under low temperature treatment in comparison with the control group were the main focus of our study. Hierarchical clustering analysis arranged 2755 DEGs into eight groups with three significant expression clusters ( p -value ≤ 0.05) during floral induction. With the increasing contents of sugars and starch, the expression of genes involved in metabolism of sugars increased dramatically after low temperature induction. One  FT  gene ( Unigene0025396 ,  LcFT1 ) which produces a protein called ‘florigen’ was also detected among DEGs of litchi.  LcFT1  exhibited an apparent specific tissue and its expression was highly increased after low temperature induction, GUS staining results also showed GUS activity driven by  LcFT1  gene promoter can be induced by low temperature, which indicated  LcFT1  probably played a pivotal role in the floral induction of litchi under low temperature.    Conclusions  Our study provides a global survey of transcriptomes to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying changes of leaves in response to low temperature induction in litchi. The analyses of transcriptome profiles and physiological indicators will help us study the complicated metabolism of floral induction in the subtropic evergreen plants.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3747-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Transcriptome profiling of litchi leaves in response to low temperature reveals candidate regulatory genes and key metabolic events during floral induction