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Background  Glucose-6-phosphate (G6pc) is a key enzyme involved in the regulation of the glucose homeostasis. The present study aims at revisiting and clarifying the evolutionary history of  g6pc  genes in vertebrates.    Results    g6pc  duplications happened by successive rounds of whole genome duplication that occurred during vertebrate evolution.  g6pc  duplicated before or around Osteichthyes/Chondrichthyes radiation, giving rise to  g6pca  and  g6pcb  as a consequence of the second vertebrate whole genome duplication.  g6pca  was lost after this duplication in Sarcopterygii whereas both  g6pca  and  g6pcb  then duplicated as a consequence of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication. One  g6pca  duplicate was lost after this duplication in teleosts. Similarly one  g6pcb2  duplicate was lost at least in the ancestor of percomorpha. The analysis of the evolution of spatial expression patterns of  g6pc  genes in vertebrates showed that all  g6pc  were mainly expressed in intestine and liver whereas teleost-specific  g6pcb2  genes were mainly and surprisingly expressed in brain and heart.  g6pcb2b , one gene previously hypothesised to be involved in the glucose intolerant phenotype in trout, was unexpectedly up-regulated (as it was in liver) by carbohydrates in trout telencephalon without showing significant changes in other brain regions. This up-regulation is in striking contrast with expected glucosensing mechanisms suggesting that its positive response to glucose relates to specific unknown processes in this brain area.    Conclusions  Our results suggested that the fixation and the divergence of  g6pc  duplicated genes during vertebrates’ evolution may lead to adaptive novelty and probably to the emergence of novel phenotypes related to glucose homeostasis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3727-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Evolutionary history of glucose-6-phosphatase encoding genes in vertebrate lineages: towards a better understanding of the functions of multiple duplicates