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Background  The oral cavity is inhabited by complex microbial communities forming biofilms that can cause caries and periodontitis. Cell-cell communication might play an important role in modulating the physiologies of individual species, but evidence so far is limited.    Results  Here we demonstrate that a pathogen of the oral cavity,  Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans  ( A. act. ), triggers expression of the quorum sensing (QS) regulon of  Streptococcus mutans,  a well-studied model organism for cariogenic streptococci, in dual-species biofilms grown on artificial saliva. The gene for the synthesis of the QS signal XIP is essential for this interaction. Transcriptome sequencing of biofilms revealed that  S. mutans  up-regulated the complete QS regulon (transformasome and mutacins) in the presence of  A. act . and down-regulated oxidative stress related genes.  A.act . required the presence of  S. mutans  for growth. Fimbriae and toxins were its most highly expressed genes and up-regulation of anaerobic metabolism, chaperones and iron acquisition genes was observed in co-culture. Metatranscriptomes from periodontal pockets showed highly variable levels of  S. mutans  and low levels of  A. act. . Transcripts of the alternative sigma-factor SigX, the key regulator of QS in  S. mutans , were significantly enriched in periodontal pockets compared to single cultures (log 2  4.159, FDR ≤0.001, and expression of mutacin related genes and transformasome components could be detected.    Conclusion  The data show that the complete QS regulon of  S. mutans  can be induced by an unrelated oral pathogen and  S. mutans  may be competent in oral biofilms in vivo.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3618-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome