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Background  Despite important progress in the field of innate immunity, our understanding of host immune responses to parasitic nematode infections lags behind that of responses to microbes. A limiting factor has been the obligate requirement for a vertebrate host which has hindered investigation of the parasitic nematode infective process. The nematode parasite  Heterorhabditis bacteriophora  offers great potential as a model to genetically dissect the process of infection. With its mutualistic  Photorhabdus luminescens  bacteria,  H. bacteriophora  invades multiple species of insects, which it kills and exploits as a food source for the development of several nematode generations. The ability to culture the life cycle of  H. bacteriophora  on plates growing the bacterial symbiont makes it a very exciting model of parasitic infection that can be used to unlock the molecular events occurring during infection of a host that are inaccessible using vertebrate hosts.    Results  To profile the transcriptional response of an infective nematode during the early stage of infection, we performed next generation RNA sequencing on  H. bacteriophora  IJs incubated in  Manduca sexta  hemolymph plasma for 9 h. A subset of up-regulated and down-regulated genes were validated using qRT-PCR. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome with untreated controls found a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which cover a number of different functional categories. A subset of DEGs is conserved across Clade V parasitic nematodes revealing an array of candidate parasitic genes.    Conclusions  Our analysis reveals transcriptional changes in the regulation of a large number of genes, most of which have not been shown previously to play a role in the process of infection. A significant proportion of these genes are unique to parasitic nematodes, suggesting the identification of a group of parasitism factors within nematodes. Future studies using these candidates may provide functional insight into the process of nematode parasitism and also the molecular evolution of parasitism within nematodes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3468-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification of candidate infection genes from the model entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora