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Background    Xanthomonas translucens  pathovars differ in their individual host ranges among Poaceae. As the causal agent of bacterial wilt in Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum  Lam.),  X. translucens  pv.  graminis  ( Xtg ) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in temperate grassland regions. The genomes of six  Xtg  strains from Switzerland, Norway, and New Zealand were sequenced in order to gain insight into conserved genomic traits from organisms covering a wide geographical range. Subsequent comparative analysis with previously published genome data of seven non- graminis X. translucens  strains including the pathovars  arrhenatheri ,  poae ,  phlei ,  cerealis ,  undulosa , and  translucens  was conducted to identify candidate genes linked to the host adaptation of  Xtg  to Italian ryegrass.    Results  Phylogenetic analysis revealed a tight clustering of  Xtg  strains, which were found to share a large core genome. Conserved genomic traits included a non-canonical type III secretion system (T3SS) and a type IV pilus (T4P), which both revealed distinct primary structures of the pilins when compared to the non- graminis X. translucens  strains.  Xtg -specific traits that had no homologues in the other  X. translucens  strains were further found to comprise several hypothetical proteins, a TonB-dependent receptor, transporters, and effector proteins as well as toxin-antitoxin systems and DNA methyltransferases. While a nearly complete flagellar gene cluster was identified in one of the sequenced  Xtg  strains, phenotypic analysis pointed to swimming-deficiency as a common trait of the pathovar  graminis .    Conclusion  Our study suggests that host adaptation of  X. translucens  pv.  graminis  may be conferred by a combination of pathovar-specific effector proteins, regulatory mechanisms, and adapted nutrient acquisition. Sequence deviations of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), as observed for the pilins of the T4P and T3SS, are moreover likely to impede perception by the plant defense machinery and thus facilitate successful host colonization of Italian ryegrass.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3422-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative genomics of host adaptive traits in Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis