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Background   Campylobacter fetus  ( C. fetus ) can cause disease in both humans and animals.  C. fetus  has been divided into three subspecies:  C. fetus  subsp.  fetus  (Cff),  C. fetus  subsp.  venerealis  (Cfv) and  C. fetus  subsp.  testudinum  (Cft). Subspecies identification of mammal-associated  C. fetus  strains is crucial in the control of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis (BGC), a syndrome associated with Cfv. The prescribed methods for subspecies identification of the Cff and Cfv isolates are: tolerance to 1 % glycine and H 2 S production.    Results  In this study, we observed the deletion of a putative cysteine transporter in the Cfv strains, which are not able to produce H 2 S from L-cysteine. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within Cff and Cfv strains divided these strains into five different clades and showed that the Cfv clade and a Cff clade evolved from a single Cff ancestor.    Conclusions  Multiple  C. fetus  clades were observed, which were not consistent with the biochemical differentiation of the strains. This suggests the need for a closer evaluation of the current  C. fetus  subspecies differentiation, considering that the phenotypic differentiation is still applied in BGC control programs.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3058-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Whole genome sequence analysis indicates recent diversification of mammal-associated Campylobacter fetus and implicates a genetic factor associated with H2S production