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Background  Despite the broad diet range of many predatory ladybirds, the mechanisms involved in their adaptation to diet shifts are not completely understood. Here, we explored how a primarily coccidophagous ladybird  Cryptolaemus montrouzieri  adapts to feeding on aphids.    Results  Based on the lower survival rate, longer developmental time, and lower adult body weight and reproduction rate of the predator, the aphid  Megoura japonica  proved being less suitable to support  C. montrouzieri  as compared with the citrus mealybug  Planococcus citri . The results indicated up-regulation of genes related to ribosome and translation in fourth instars, which may be related to their suboptimal development. Also, several genes related to biochemical transport and metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated as a result of adaptation to the changes in nutritional and non-nutritional (toxic) components of the prey.    Conclusion  Our results indicated that  C. montrouzieri  succeeded in feeding on aphids by regulation of genes related to development, digestion and detoxification. Thus, we argue that these candidate genes are valuable for further studies of the functional evolution of ladybirds led by diet shifts.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2611-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Variation in life history traits and transcriptome associated with adaptation to diet shifts in the ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri