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Background  To date, studies investigating the association between  ACTN3  R577X and  ACE  I/D gene variants and elite sprint/power performance have been limited by small cohorts from mixed sport disciplines, without quantitative measures of performance.  Aim : To examine the association between these variants and sprint time in elite athletes.    Methods  We collected a total of 555 best personal 100-, 200-, and 400-m times of 346 elite sprinters in a large cohort of elite Caucasian or African origin sprinters from 10 different countries. Sprinters were genotyped for  ACTN3  R577X and  ACE  ID variants.    Results  On average, male Caucasian sprinters with the  ACTN3  577RR or the  ACE  DD genotype had faster best 200-m sprint time than their 577XX (21.19 ± 0.53 s vs. 21.86 ± 0.54 s,  p  = 0.016) and  ACE  II (21.33 ± 0.56 vs. 21.93 ± 0.67 sec,  p  = 0.004) counterparts and only one case of  ACE  II, and no cases of  ACTN3  577XX, had a faster 200-m time than the 2012 London Olympics qualifying (vs. 12 qualified sprinters with 577RR or 577RX genotype). Caucasian sprinters with the  ACE  DD genotype had faster best 400-m sprint time than their  ACE  II counterparts (46.94 ± 1.19 s vs. 48.50 ± 1.07 s,  p  = 0.003). Using genetic models we found that the  ACTN3  577R allele and  ACE  D allele dominant model account for 0.92 % and 1.48 % of sprint time variance, respectively.    Conclusions  Despite sprint performance relying on many gene variants and environment, the % sprint time variance explained by  ACE  and  ACTN3  is substantial at the elite level and might be the difference between a world record and only making the final.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence performance in elite sprinters: a multi-cohort study