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Background  Blood-sucking lice in the genera  Pediculus  and  Pthirus  are obligate ectoparasites of great apes. Unlike most bilateral animals, which have 37 mitochondrial (mt) genes on a single circular chromosome, the sucking lice of humans have extensively fragmented mt genomes. The head louse,  Pediculus capitis , and the body louse,  Pe. humanus , have their 37 mt genes on 20 minichromosomes. The pubic louse,  Pthirus pubis , has its 34 mt genes known on 14 minichromosomes. To understand the process of mt genome fragmentation in the sucking lice of great apes, we sequenced the mt genome of the chimpanzee louse,  Pe. schaeffi , and compared it with the three human lice.    Results  We identified all of the 37 mt genes typical of bilateral animals in the chimpanzee louse; these genes are on 18 types of minichromosomes. Seventeen of the 18 minichromosomes of the chimpanzee louse have the same gene content and gene arrangement as their counterparts in the human head louse and the human body louse. However, five genes,  cob ,  trnS   1   , trnN ,  trnE  and  trnM , which are on three minichromosomes in the human head louse and the human body louse, are together on one minichromosome in the chimpanzee louse.    Conclusions  Using the human pubic louse,  Pt. pubis , as an outgroup for comparison, we infer that a single minichromosome has fragmented into three in the lineage leading to the human head louse and the human body louse since this lineage diverged from the chimpanzee louse ~6 million years ago. Our results provide insights into the process of mt genome fragmentation in the sucking lice in a relatively fine evolutionary scale.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1843-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

The mitochondrial genome of the chimpanzee louse, Pediculus schaeffi: insights into the process of mitochondrial genome fragmentation in the blood-sucking lice of great apes