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Background  Pine moths (Lepidoptera; Bombycoidea; Lasiocampidae:  Dendrolimus  spp.) are among the most serious insect pests of forests, especially in southern China. Although COI barcodes (a standardized portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) can distinguish some members of this genus, the evolutionary relationships of the three morphospecies  Dendrolimus punctatus, D. tabulaeformis  and  D. spectabilis  have remained largely unresolved. We sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes of eight specimens, including  D. punctatus  wenshanensis . This is an unambiguous subspecies of  D. punctatus , and was used as a reference for inferring the relationships of the other two morphospecies of the  D. punctatus  complex. We constructed phylogenetic trees from this data, including twelve published mitochondrial genomes of other Bombycoidea species, and examined the relationships of the  Dendrolimus  taxa using these trees and the genomic features of the mitochondrial genome.    Results  The eight fully sequenced mitochondrial genomes from the three morphospecies displayed similar genome structures as other Bombycoidea species in terms of gene content, base composition, level of overall AT-bias and codon usage. However, the  Dendrolimus  genomes possess a unique feature in the large ribosomal 16S RNA subunits (rrnL), which are more than 60 bp longer than other members of the superfamily and have a higher AC proportion. The eight mitochondrial genomes of  Dendrolimus  were highly conservative in many aspects, for example with identical stop codons and overlapping regions. But there were many differences in start codons, intergenic spacers, and numbers of mismatched base pairs of tRNA (transfer RNA genes).  Our results, based on phylogenetic trees, genetic distances, species delimitation and genomic features (such as intergenic spacers) of the mitochondrial genome, indicated that  D. tabulaeformis  is as close to  D. punctatus  as is  D. punctatus wenshanensis , whereas  D. spectabilis  evolved independently from  D. tabulaeformis  and  D. punctatus . Whole mitochondrial DNA phylogenies showed that  D. spectabilis  formed a well-supported monophyletic clade, with a clear species boundary separating it from the other congeners examined here. However,  D. tabulaeformis  often clustered with  D. punctatus  and with the subspecies  D. punctatus wenshanensis . Genetic distance analyses showed that the distance between  D. tabulaeformis  and  D. punctatus  is generally less than the intraspecific distance of  D. punctatus  and its subspecies  D. punctatus wenshanensis . In the species delimitation analysis of Poisson Tree Processes (PTP),  D. tabulaeformis ,  D. punctatus  and  D. punctatus wenshanensis  clustered into a putative species separated from  D. spectabilis . In comparison with  D. spectabilis ,  D. tabulaeformis  and  D. punctatus  also exhibit a similar structure in intergenic spacer characterization. These different types of evidence suggest that  D. tabulaeformis  is very close to  D. punctatus  and its subspecies  D. punctatus wenshanensis , and is likely to be another subspecies of  D. punctatus.Conclusions  Whole mitochondrial genomes possess relatively rich genetic information compared with the traditional use of single or multiple genes for phylogenetic purposes. They can be used to better infer phylogenetic relationships and degrees of relatedness of taxonomic groups, at least from the aspect of maternal lineage: caution should be taken due to the maternal-only inheritance of this genome. Our results indicate that  D. spectabilis  is an independent lineage, while  D. tabulaeformis  shows an extremely close relationship to  D. punctatus .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1566-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Mitochondrial phylogenomics and genetic relationships of closely related pine moth (Lasiocampidae: Dendrolimus) species in China, using whole mitochondrial genomes