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Background  Members of the bacterial genus  Arthrobacter  are both readily cultured and commonly identified in Antarctic soil communities. Currently, relatively little is known about the physiological traits that allow these bacteria to survive in the harsh Antarctic soil environment. The aim of this study is to investigate if Antarctic strains of  Arthrobacter  owe their resilience to substantial genomic changes compared to  Arthrobacter  spp. isolated from temperate soil environments.    Results  Quantitative PCR-based analysis revealed that up to 4% of the soil bacterial communities were comprised of  Arthrobacter  spp. at four locations in the Ross Sea Region. Genome analysis of the seven Antarctic  Arthrobacter  isolates revealed several features that are commonly observed in psychrophilic/psychrotolerant bacteria. These include genes primarily associated with sigma factors, signal transduction pathways, the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and genes induced by cold-shock, oxidative and osmotic stresses. However, these genes were also identified in genomes of seven temperate  Arthrobacter  spp., suggesting that these mechanisms are beneficial for growth and survival in a range of soil environments. Phenotypic characterisation revealed that Antarctic  Arthrobacter  isolates demonstrate significantly lower metabolic versatility and a narrower salinity tolerance range compared to temperate  Arthrobacter  species. Comparative analyses also revealed fewer protein-coding sequences and a significant decrease in genes associated with transcription and carbohydrate transport and metabolism in four of the seven Antarctic  Arthrobacter  isolates. Notwithstanding genome incompleteness, these differences together with the decreased metabolic versatility are indicative of genome content scaling.    Conclusions  The genomes of the seven Antarctic  Arthrobacter  isolates contained several features that may be beneficial for growth and survival in the Antarctic soil environment, although these features were not unique to the Antarctic isolates. These genome sequences allow further investigations into the expression of physiological traits that enable survival under extreme conditions and, more importantly, into the ability of these bacteria to respond to future perturbations including climate change and human impacts.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1220-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genomic and phenotypic insights into the ecology of Arthrobacter from Antarctic soils