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Background  The population structure of the Indian subcontinent is a tapestry of extraordinary diversity characterized by the amalgamation of autochthonous and immigrant ancestries and rigid enforcement of sociocultural stratification. Here we investigated the genetic origin and population history of the  Kumhars , a group of people who inhabit large parts of northern India. We compared 27 previously published  Kumhar  SNP genotype data sampled from Uttar Pradesh in north India to various modern day and ancient populations.    Results  Various approaches such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Admixture, TreeMix concurred that  Kumhars  have high ASI ancestry, minimal Steppe component and high genomic proximity to the  Kurchas , a small and relatively little-known population found ~ 2500 km away in Kerala, south India. Given the same, biogeographical mapping using Geographic Population Structure (GPS) assigned most  Kumhar  samples in areas neighboring to those where  Kurchas  are found in south India.    Conclusions  We hypothesize that the significant genomic similarity between two apparently distinct modern-day Indian populations that inhabit well separated geographical areas with no known overlapping history or links, likely alludes to their common origin during or post the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (estimated by ALDER). Thereafter, while they dispersed towards opposite ends of the Indian subcontinent, their genomic integrity and likeness remained preserved due to endogamous social practices. Our findings illuminate the genomic history of two Indian populations, allowing a glimpse into one or few of numerous of human migrations that likely occurred across the Indian subcontinent and contributed to shape its varied and vibrant evolutionary past.

The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent