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Background   TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)  is a member of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, which plays an important role in the determination of floral meristem identity and regulates flowering time in higher plants.    Results  Five  BnaTFL1  gene copies were identified in the genome of  Brassica napus . The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all five  BnaTFL1  gene copies were clustered with their corresponding homologous copies in the ancestral species,  B. rapa  and  B. oleracea . The expression of the  BnaTFL1s  were confined to flower buds, flowers, seeds, siliques and stem tissues and displayed distinct expression profiles. Knockout mutants of  BnaC03.TFL1  generated by CRISPR/Cas9 exhibited early flowering phenotype, while the knockout mutants of the other gene copies had similar flowering time as the wild type. Furthermore, knock-out mutants of individual  BnaTFL1  gene copy displayed altered plant architecture. The plant height, branch initiation height, branch number, silique number, number of seeds per silique and number of siliques on the main inflorescence were significantly reduced in the  BnaTFL1  mutants.    Conclusions  Our results indicated that  BnaC03.TFL1  negatively regulates flowering time in  B. napus. BnaC03.TFL1  together with the other  BnaTFL1  paralogues are essential for controlling the plant architecture.

Knock-out of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 genes altered flowering time and plant architecture in Brassica napus