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Background  Grasslands in the Arctic tundra undergo irreversible degradation due to climatic changes and also over-exploitation and depletion of scarce resources. Comprehensive investigations of cytogenomic structures of valuable Arctic and sub-Arctic grassland species is essential for clarifying their genetic peculiarities and phylogenetic relationships, and also successful developing new forage grass cultivars with high levels of adaptation, stable productivity and longevity. We performed molecular cytogenetic characterization of insufficiently studied pasture grass species ( Poaceae ) from related genera representing two neighboring clades: 1)  Deschampsia  and  Holcus ; 2)  Alopecurus ,  Arctagrostis  and  Beckmannia , which are the primary fodder resources in the Arctic tundra.    Results  We constructed the integrated schematic maps of distribution of these species in the northern, central and eastern parts of Eurasia based on the currently available data as only scattered data on their occurrence is currently available. The species karyotypes were examined with the use of DAPI-banding, multicolour FISH with 35S rDNA, 5S rDNA and the (GTT) 9  microsatellite motif and also sequential rapid multocolour GISH with genomic DNAs of  Deschampsia sukatschewii ,  Deschampsia flexuosa  and  Holcus lanatus  belonging to one of the studied clades .  Cytogenomic structures of the species were specified; peculiarities and common features of their genomes were revealed. Different chromosomal rearrangements were detected in  Beckmannia syzigachne ,  Deschampsia cespitosa  and  D. flexuosa ; B chromosomes with distinct DAPI-bands were observed in karyotypes of  D. cespitosa  and  H. lanatus .    Conclusions  The peculiarities of distribution patterns of the examined chromosomal markers and also presence of common homologous DNA repeats in karyotypes of the studies species allowed us to verify their relationships. The obtained unique data on distribution areas and cytogenomic structures of the valuable Arctic and sub-Arctic pasture species are important for further genetic and biotechnological studies and also plant breeding progress.

Molecular cytogenetics of valuable Arctic and sub-Arctic pasture grass species from the Aveneae/Poeae tribe complex (Poaceae)