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Background  Naturally occurring mutations in growth and differentiation factor 9 ( GDF9 ) or bone morphogenetic protein 15 ( BMP15 ) genes are associated with increased ovulation rate (OR) and litter size (LS) but also sterility. Observing the Tunisian Barbarine ewes of the “W” flock selected for improved prolificacy, we found prolific and infertile ewes with streaky ovaries. Blood genomic DNA was extracted from a subset of low-ovulating, prolific and infertile ewes of the “W” flock, and the entire coding sequences of  GDF9  and  BMP15  were sequenced.    Results  We evidenced a novel polymorphism in the exon 1 of the  BMP15  gene associated with increased prolificacy and sterility. This novel mutation called  FecX    Bar   is a composite polymorphism associating a single nucleotide substitution (c.301G > T), a 3 bp deletion (c.302_304delCTA) and a C insertion (c.310insC) in the ovine  BMP15  cDNA leading to a frame shift at protein position 101. Calculated in the “W” flock, the  FecX    Bar   allele increased OR by 0.7 ova and LS by 0.3 lambs ( p = 0.08 ). As for already identified mutations, homozygous females carrying  FecX    Bar   exhibited streaky ovaries with a blockade at the primary stage of folliculogenesis as shown by histochemistry.    Conclusions  Our investigation demonstrates a new mutation in the  BMP15  gene providing a valuable genetic tool to control fecundity in Tunisian Barbarine, usable for diffusion program into conventional flocks looking for prolificacy improvement.

FecX Bar a Novel BMP15 mutation responsible for prolificacy and female sterility in Tunisian Barbarine Sheep