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Background  The taxonomic classification of the suborder Tintinnina Kofoid & Campbell, 1929, a species-rich group of planktonic ciliated protistans with a characteristic lorica, has long been ambiguous largely due to the lack of cytological and molecular data for most species.  Tintinnopsis  is the largest, most widespread, and most taxonomically complex genus within this group with about 170 species occurring in nearshore waters. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that  Tintinnopsis  is polyphyletic.    Results  Here we document the live morphology, infraciliature, gene sequences, and habitat characteristics of three poorly known tintinnine species, viz.  Tintinnopsis karajacensis  Brandt, 1896,  Tintinnopsis gracilis  Kofoid & Campbell, 1929, and  Tintinnopsis tocantinensis  Kofoid & Campbell, 1929, isolated from the coastal waters of China. Based on a unique cytological feature (i.e., an elongated ciliary tuft with densely arranged kinetids) in the former two species,  Antetintinnopsis  gen. nov. is erected with  Antetintinnopsis hemispiralis  (Yin, 1956) comb. nov. (original combination:  Tintinnopsis hemispiralis  Yin, 1956) designated as the type species. Moreover,  A. karajacensis  (Brandt, 1896) comb. nov. (original combination:  Tintinnopsis karajacensis  Brandt, 1896) and  A. gracilis  (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) comb. nov. (original combination:  Tintinnopsis gracilis  Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) are placed in a highly supported clade that branches separately from  Tintinnopsis  clades in phylogenetic trees based on SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA sequence data, thus supporting the establishment of the new genus. One other species is assigned to  Antetintinnopsis  gen. nov., namely  A. subacuta  (Jörgensen, 1899) comb. nov. (original combination  Tintinnopsis subacuta  Jörgensen, 1899).    Conclusions  The findings of the phylogenetic analyses support the assertion that cytological characters are taxonomically informative for tintinnines. This study also contributes to the broadening of our understanding of the tintinnine biodiversity and evolution.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01831-8.

bmc ecology and evolution

Integrative taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three poorly known tintinnine ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus (Protista; Ciliophora; Oligotrichea)