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Background  An ecological approach for managing biological invasions in agroecosystems is the selection of alternative crop species to manage the infestation of invasive alien plants through competition. In the current study, plant growth, photosynthesis, and competitive ability of the crop  Helianthus tuberosus  L. (Jerusalem artichoke) and the invasive alien plant  Ageratina adenophora  (Spreng.) R. M. King and H. Rob were compared under varying shade levels by utilizing a de Wit replacement series method. We hypothesized that  H. tuberosus  had higher competitive ability than  A. adenophora  even under shaded conditions.    Results  The results showed the main stem, leafstalk length, leaf area, underground biomass, and aboveground biomass of  A. adenophora  were significantly lower compared to  H. tuberosus  in monoculture although  A. adenophora  had a greater number of branches that were longer on average. Under full sunlight, the total shoot length (stem + branch length), main stem length and branch length of  A. adenophora  were significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) by increasing proportions of  H. tuberosus , and the same morphological variables of  H. tuberosus  were significantly higher with decreasing proportions of  H. tuberosus.  With increasing shade rates and plant ratios, the plant height, branch, leaf, and biomass of both plants were significantly suppressed, but to a greater degree in the case of  A. adenophora.  The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of  H. tuberosus  and  A. adenophora  increased gradually from July to September, then decreased in October. The Pn of  H. tuberosus  was consistently higher than that of  A. adenophora.  Although the Pn for both species was significantly reduced with increasing shade rates and plant ratios,  A. adenophora  experienced greater inhibition than  H. tuberosus . The relative yield (RY) of  A. adenophora  was significantly less than 1.0 (P < 0.05) in mixed culture under all shade levels, indicating that the intraspecific competition was less than interspecific competition. The RY of  H. tuberosus  was significantly less than 1.0 under 40 – 60% shade and greater than 1.0 (P < 0.05) under 0 – 20% shade in mixed culture, respectively, showing that intraspecific competition was higher than interspecific competition under low shade, but the converse was true under high shade. The relative yield total (RYT) of  A. adenophora  and  H. tuberosus  was less than 1.0 in mixed culture, indicating that there was competition between the two plants. The fact that the competitive balance (CB) index of  H. tuberosus  was greater than zero demonstrated a higher competitive ability than  A. adenophora  even at the highest shade level (60%).    Conclusions  Our results suggest that  H. tuberosus  is a promising replacement control candidate for managing infestations of  A. adenophora , and could be widely used in various habitats where  A. adenophora  invades.

Potential use of Helianthus tuberosus to suppress the invasive alien plant Ageratina adenophora under different shade levels