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Background  Elongated rostra play an important role in the egg-laying of weevils, and its emergence plays a key role in the adaptive radiation of weevils.  Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus  Motschulsky and  E. brandti  Harold co-occur on the same only host  Ailanthus altissima , while their oviposition sites are different. In order to understand the adaptation between the rostra of the two weevils and their oviposition sites, the structural differentiation of the rostra in  E. scrobiculatus  and  E. brandti  was compared.    Results  The present study reveals that: (1) The rostra length of  E. scrobiculatus  and  E. brandti  was found to be correlated with body size, larger weevils have a correspondingly longer rostrum. The increase of rostra length may be a byproduct of larger weevils. (2) There were significant differences in the external shape of the two rostra, especially the shape of the mandibles of the mouthparts at the apex of the rostra used to excavate an oviposition cavity. (3) There was no difference in the size of the abductor muscles that control the extension of the mandibles, but there were significant differences in the size of the adductor muscles that control the contraction of the mandibles.    Conclusions  These structural differences reflect the functional potential ovipositional tactics of rostra, which is considered to be a response to the ecological demands of egg deposition, and also provide new insights into the coexistence of two weevil species in the same host  A. altissima .    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01824-7.

Structural comparison of the rostra of two species of weevils coexisting on Ailanthus altissima: the response to ecological demands of egg deposition