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Background  Orange jasmine has a complex nomenclatural history and is now known as  Murraya paniculata  (L.) Jack. Our interest in this common ornamental stemmed from the need to resolve its identity and the identities of closely related taxa as hosts of the pathogen ‘ Candidatus  Liberibacter asiaticus’ and its vector  Diaphorina citri . Understanding these microbe-vector-plant relationships has been hampered by taxonomic confusion surrounding  Murraya  at both the generic and specific levels.    Results  To resolve the taxonomic uncertainty, six regions of the maternally-inherited chloroplastal genome and part of the nuclear-encoded ITS region were amplified from 85 accessions of  Murraya  and  Merrillia  using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clustering used maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Chronograms were produced for molecular dating, and to test the monophyly of  Murraya  rigorously, using selected accessions of  Murraya  and 26 accessions of the Rutaceae and Simarubaceae. Sequence data from the ITS and chloroplastal regions suggest that  Murraya paniculata  (sensu (Swingle WT and Reece CR, The Citrus Industry, p. 190–430, 1967)) can be separated into four distinct but morphologically somewhat cryptic taxa:  Murraya paniculata  (sensu (Mabberley DJ, Taxon 65:366–371, 2016)),  M. elongata ,  M. sumatrana  and  M. lucida . In addition,  Murraya omphalocarpa  was identified as a putative hybrid of  M. paniculata  and  M. lucida  with two geographically isolated nothovarieties representing reciprocal crosses.  Murraya  is monophyletic, and molecular dating suggests that it diverged from  Merrillia  during the Miocene (23–5 Ma) with this  Murraya  group speciating and dispersing during the Middle Miocene onwards.    Conclusions  The accessions from Asia and Australasia used in this study grouped into biogeographical regions that match herbarium specimen records for the taxa that suggest natural allopatric distributions with limited overlap and hybridity.  Murraya paniculata  has been distributed around the world as an ornamental plant. The division of the  Murraya paniculata  complex into four species with a rare hybrid also confirms morphological studies.

Molecular differentiation of the Murraya paniculata Complex (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae: Aurantieae)