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Background   Triplophysa stoliczkae  is the most widespread species in the genus  Triplophysa  and may have originated from morphological convergence. To understand the evolutionary history of  T. stoliczkae , we employed a multilocus approach to investigate the phylogenetics and the morphological evolution of  T. stoliczkae  on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.    Results  All phylogenetic analyses (two mitochondrial and five nuclear loci), a genealogical sorting index and species tree inferences suggested that  T. stoliczkae  consists of distinct lineages that were not closest relatives. The time estimation indicated that the divergence events between “ T. stoliczkae ” and other  Triplophysa  species occurred from approximately 0.10 to 4.51 Ma. The ancestral state analyses supported the independent evolution of  T. stoliczkae  morphology in distinct lineages. The morphometric analysis and convergence estimates demonstrated significant phenotypic convergence among “ T. stoliczkae ” lineages.    Conclusions   Triplophysa stoliczkae  includes 4 different lineages with similar morphologies. The increasingly harsh environments that have occurred since the Pliocene have driven the occurrences of scrape-feeding fish in the genus  Triplophysa . Morphological adaptations associated with scrape-feeding behavior resulted in convergences and the artificial lumping of four different species in the nominal taxon  T. stoliczkae . A taxonomic revision for  T. stoliczkae  is needed.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1503-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Multiple convergent events created a nominal widespread species: Triplophysa stoliczkae (Steindachner, 1866) (Cobitoidea: Nemacheilidae)