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Background  For over 50 years, attempts have been made to introgress agronomically useful traits from  Erianthus  sect.  Ripidium  ( Tripidium ) species into sugarcane based on both genera being part of the ‘Saccharum Complex’, an interbreeding group of species believed to be involved in the origins of sugarcane. However, recent low copy number gene studies indicate that  Tripidium  and  Saccharum  are more divergent than previously thought. The extent of genus  Tripidium  has not been fully explored and many species that should be included in  Tripidium  are still classified as  Saccharum . Moreover,  Tripidium  is currently defined as  incertae sedis  within the Andropogoneae, though it has been suggested that members of this genus are related to the Germainiinae.    Results  Eight newly-sequenced chloroplasts from potential  Tripidium  species were combined in a phylogenetic study with 46 members of the Panicoideae, including seven  Saccharum  accessions, two  Miscanthidium  and three  Miscanthus  species. A robust chloroplast phylogeny was generated and comparison with a gene locus phylogeny clearly places a monophyletic  Tripidium  clade outside the bounds of the Saccharinae. A key to the currently identified  Tripidium  species is presented.    Conclusion  For the first time, we have undertaken a large-scale whole plastid study of eight newly assembled  Tripidium  accessions and a gene locus study of five  Tripidium  accessions. Our findings show that  Tripidium  and  Saccharum  are 8 million years divergent, last sharing a common ancestor 12 million years ago. We demonstrate that four species should be removed from  Saccharum / Erianthus  and included in genus  Tripidium . In a genome context, we show that  Tripidium  evolved from a common ancestor with and extended Germainiinae clade formed from  Germainia ,  Eriochrysis ,  Apocopis ,  Pogonatherum  and  Imperata . We re-define the ‘Saccharum complex’ to a group of genera that can interbreed in the wild and extend the Saccharinae to include  Sarga  along with  Sorghastrum, Microstegium vimineum and Polytrias  (but excluding  Sorghum ). Monophyly of genus  Tripidium  is confirmed and the genus is expanded to include  Tripidium arundinaceum ,  Tripidium procerum ,  Tripidium kanashiroi  and  Tripidium rufipilum.  As a consequence, these species are excluded from genus  Saccharum . Moreover, we demonstrate that genus  Tripidium  is distinct from the Germainiinae.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1356-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc evolutionary biology

Whole chloroplast genome and gene locus phylogenies reveal the taxonomic placement and relationship of Tripidium (Panicoideae: Andropogoneae) to sugarcane