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Background  One of the best studied developmental processes is the  Drosophila  segmentation cascade. However, this cascade is generally considered to be highly derived and unusual, with segments being patterned simultaneously, rather than the ancestral sequential segmentation mode. We present a detailed analysis of the segmentation cascade of the milkweed bug  Oncopletus fasciatus , an insect with a more primitive segmentation mode, as a comparison to  Drosophila,  with the aim of reconstructing the evolution of insect segmentation modes.    Results  We document the expression of 12 genes, representing different phases in the segmentation process. Using double staining we reconstruct the spatio-temporal relationships among these genes. We then show knock-down phenotypes of representative genes in order to uncover their roles and position in the cascade.    Conclusions  We conclude that sequential segmentation in the  Oncopeltus  germband includes three slightly overlapping phases: Primary pair-rule genes generate the first segmental gene expression in the anterior growth zone. This pattern is carried anteriorly by a series of secondary pair-rule genes, expressed in the transition between the growth zone and the segmented germband. Segment polarity genes are expressed in the segmented germband with conserved relationships. Unlike most holometabolous insects, this process generates a single-segment periodicity, and does not have a double-segment pattern at any stage. We suggest that the evolutionary transition to double-segment patterning lies in mutually exclusive expression patterns of secondary pair-rule genes. The fact that many aspects of the putative  Oncopeltus  segmentation network are similar to those of  Drosophila , is consistent with a simple transition between sequential and simultaneous segmentation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1293-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Growth zone segmentation in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus sheds light on the evolution of insect segmentation