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Background  Provision of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in vertebrates occurs through the diet or via endogenous production from C 18  precursors through consecutive elongations and desaturations. It has been postulated that the abundance of LC-PUFA in the marine environment has remarkably modulated the gene complement and function of Fads in marine teleosts. In vertebrates two fatty acyl desaturases, namely  Fads1  and  Fads2 , encode ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases, respectively. To fully clarify the evolutionary history of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates, we investigated the gene repertoire and function of  Fads  from species placed at key evolutionary nodes.    Results  We demonstrate that functional  Fads1 Δ5 and  Fads2 ∆6 arose from a tandem gene duplication in the ancestor of vertebrates, since they are present in the Arctic lamprey .  Additionally, we show that a similar condition was retained in ray-finned fish such as the Senegal bichir and spotted gar, with the identification of  fads1  genes in these lineages. Functional characterisation of the isolated desaturases reveals the first case of a Fads1 enzyme with  ∆5  desaturase activity in the Teleostei lineage, the Elopomorpha. In contrast, in Osteoglossomorpha genomes, while no  fads1  was identified, two separate  fads2  duplicates with ∆6 and ∆5 desaturase activities respectively were uncovered.    Conclusions  We conclude that, while the essential genetic components involved LC-PUFA biosynthesis evolved in the vertebrate ancestor, the full completion of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway arose uniquely in gnathostomes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1271-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc evolutionary biology

Retention of fatty acyl desaturase 1 (fads1) in Elopomorpha and Cyclostomata provides novel insights into the evolution of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in vertebrates