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Background  The European bison ( Bison bonasus ), now found in Europe and the Caucasus, has been proposed to originate either from the extinct steppe/extant American bison lineage or from the extinct  Bison schoetensacki  lineage.  Bison schoetensacki  remains are documented in Eurasian Middle Pleistocene sites, but their presence in Upper Pleistocene sites has been questioned. Despite extensive genetic studies carried out on the steppe and European bison, no remains from the fossil record morphologically identified as  Bison schoetensacki  has been analyzed up to now.    Results  In this paper, we analyzed a 36,000-year-old  Bison schoetensaki  bone sample from the Siréjol cave (France) and a cave hyena coprolite (fossilized feces) found in a nearby cave and containing large amounts of Bovinae DNA. We show that the Bovinae mitochondrial DNA sequences from both samples, including a complete mitochondrial genome sequence, belong to a clade recently reported in the literature. This clade only includes ancient bison specimens without taxonomic identification and displays a sister relationship with the extant European bison. The genetic proximity of  Bison schoetensacki  with specimens from this clade is corroborated by the analysis of nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms.    Conclusions  This work provides genetic evidence supporting the continuing presence of  Bison schoetensacki  up to the Upper Pleistocene.  Bison schoetensacki  turns out to be a sister species of  Bison bonasus , excluding the steppe bison  Bison priscus  as a direct ancestor of the European bison.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0894-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genome data on the extinct Bison schoetensacki establish it as a sister species of the extant European bison (Bison bonasus)