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Background  Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs) are the largest group of receptor-like kinases in plants and play crucial roles in development and stress responses. The evolutionary relationships among  LRR-RLK  genes have been investigated in flowering plants; however, no comprehensive studies have been performed for these genes in more ancestral groups. The subfamily classification of  LRR-RLK  genes in plants, the evolutionary history and driving force for the evolution of each  LRR-RLK  subfamily remain to be understood.    Results  We identified 119  LRR-RLK  genes in the  Physcomitrella patens  moss genome, 67  LRR-RLK  genes in the  Selaginella moellendorffii  lycophyte genome, and no  LRR-RLK  genes in five green algae genomes. Furthermore, these  LRR-RLK  sequences, along with previously reported  LRR-RLK  sequences from  Arabidopsis thaliana  and  Oryza sativa , were subjected to evolutionary analyses. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that plant  LRR-RLK s belong to 19 subfamilies, eighteen of which were established in early land plants, and one of which evolved in flowering plants. More importantly, we found that the basic structures of  LRR-RLK  genes for most subfamilies are established in early land plants and conserved within subfamilies and across different plant lineages, but divergent among subfamilies. In addition, most members of the same subfamily had common protein motif compositions, whereas members of different subfamilies showed variations in protein motif compositions. The unique gene structure and protein motif compositions of each subfamily differentiate the subfamily classifications and, more importantly, provide evidence for functional divergence among  LRR-RLK  subfamilies. Maximum likelihood analyses showed that some sites within four subfamilies were under positive selection.    Conclusions  Much of the diversity of plant  LRR-RLK  genes was established in early land plants. Positive selection contributed to the evolution of a few  LRR-RLK  subfamilies.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0891-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Origin and diversification of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) genes in plants