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Background  Although empirical data indicate that ecological speciation is prevalent in nature, the relative importance of different forms of reproductive isolation and the traits generating reproductive isolation remain unclear. To address these questions, we examined a pair of ecologically divergent pine-sawfly species: while  Neodiprion pinetum  specializes on a thin-needled pine ( Pinus strobus ),  N. lecontei  utilizes thicker-needled pines. We hypothesized that extrinsic postzygotic isolation is generated by oviposition traits. To test this hypothesis, we assayed ovipositor morphology, oviposition behavior, and host-dependent oviposition success in both species and in F1 and backcross females.    Results  Compared to  N. lecontei ,  N. pinetum  females preferred  P. strobus  more strongly, had smaller ovipositors, and laid fewer eggs per needle. Additionally, we observed host- and trait-dependent reductions in oviposition success in F1 and backcross females. Hybrid females that had  pinetum -like host preference ( P. strobus ) and  lecontei -like oviposition traits (morphology and egg pattern) fared especially poorly.    Conclusions  Together, these data indicate that maladaptive combinations of oviposition traits in hybrids contribute to extrinsic postzygotic isolation between  N. lecontei  and  N. pinetum , suggesting that oviposition traits may be an important driver of divergence in phytophagous insects.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0872-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Oviposition traits generate extrinsic postzygotic isolation between two pine sawfly species