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Background  Sorbicillinoids are a family of complex cyclic polyketides produced by only a small number of distantly related ascomycete fungi such as  Trichoderma  (Sordariomycetes) and  Penicillium  (Eurotiomycetes). In  T. reesei , they are synthesized by a gene cluster consisting of eight genes including two polyketide synthases (PKS). To reconstruct the evolutionary origin of this gene cluster, we examined the occurrence of these eight genes in ascomycetes.    Results  A cluster comprising at least six of them was only found in Hypocreales ( Acremonium chrysogenum, Ustilaginoidea virens ,  Trichoderma  species from section  Longibrachiatum ) and in  Penicillium rubens  (Eurotiales). In addition,  Colletotrichum graminicola  contained the two  pks  ( sor1  and  sor2 ), but not the other  sor  genes.  A. chrysogenum  was the evolutionary eldest species in which  sor1, sor2, sor3, sor4  and  sor6  were present.  Sor5  was gained by lateral gene transfer (LGT) from  P. rubens . In the younger Hypocreales ( U. virens, Trichoderma  spp.), the cluster evolved by vertical transfer, but  sor2  was lost and regained by LGT from  C. graminicola. SorB (=sor2)  and  sorD (=sor4)  were symplesiomorphic in  P. rubens,  whereas  sorA, sorC  and  sorF  were obtained by LGT from  A. chrysogenum , and  sorE  by LGT from  Pestalotiopsis fici  (Xylariales). The sorbicillinoid gene cluster in  Trichoderma  section  Longibrachiatum  is under strong purifying selection. The  T. reesei sor  genes are expressed during fast vegetative growth, during antagonism of other fungi and regulated by the secondary metabolism regulator LAE1.    Conclusions  Our findings pinpoint the evolution of the fungal sorbicillinoid biosynthesis gene cluster. The core cluster arose in early Hypocreales, and was complemented by LGT. During further speciation in the Hypocreales, it became subject to birth and death evolution in selected lineages. In  P. rubrens  (Eurotiales), two cluster genes were symplesiomorphic, and the whole cluster formed by LGT from at least two different fungal donors.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0834-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Several steps of lateral gene transfer followed by events of ‘birth-and-death’ evolution shaped a fungal sorbicillinoid biosynthetic gene cluster