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Background  Transitions from marine to intertidal and terrestrial habitats resulted in a significant adaptive radiation within the Panpulmonata (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia). This clade comprises several groups that invaded the land realm independently and in different time periods, e.g., Ellobioidea, Systellomatophora, and Stylommatophora. Thus, mitochondrial genomes of panpulmonate gastropods are promising to screen for adaptive molecular signatures related to land invasions.    Results  We obtained three complete mitochondrial genomes of terrestrial panpulmonates, i.e., the ellobiid  Carychium tridentatum , and the stylommatophorans  Arion rufus  and  Helicella itala . Our dataset consisted of 50 mitogenomes comprising almost all major panpulmonate lineages. The phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial genes supports the monophyly of the clade Panpulmonata. Terrestrial lineages were sampled from Ellobioidea (1 sp.) and Stylommatophora (9 spp.). The branch-site test of positive selection detected significant non-synonymous changes in the terrestrial branches leading to  Carychium  (Ellobiodea) and Stylommatophora. These convergent changes occurred in the  cob  and  nad5  genes (OXPHOS complex III and I, respectively).    Conclusions  The convergence of the non-synonymous changes in  cob  and  nad5  suggest possible ancient episodes of positive selection related to adaptations to non-marine habitats. The positively selected sites in our data are in agreement with previous results in vertebrates suggesting a general pattern of adaptation to the new metabolic requirements. The demand for energy due to the colonization of land (for example, to move and sustain the body mass in the new habitat) and the necessity to tolerate new conditions of abiotic stress may have changed the physiological constraints in the early terrestrial panpulmonates and triggered adaptations at the mitochondrial level.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0735-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Positive selection on panpulmonate mitogenomes provide new clues on adaptations to terrestrial life