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Background  Comparative mapping of 5S and 45S rDNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique is an excellent tool to determine cytogenetic relationships among closely related species.    Results  In this study, the number and position of 5S and 45S rDNA loci in all  Citrullus  species and subspecies were determined. The cultivated watermelon ( C. lanatus  subsp.  vulgaris ) , C. lanatus  subsp.  mucosospermus, C. colocynthis  and  C. naudinianus  (or  Acanthosicyos naudinianus ) had two 45S rDNA loci and one 5S rDNA locus which was located syntenic to one of the 45S rDNA loci.  C. ecirrhosus  and  C. lanatus  subsp.  lanatus  had one 45S rDNA locus and two 5S rDNA loci, each located on a different chromosome.  C. rehmii  had one 5S and one 45S rDNA locus positioned on different chromosomes. The distribution of 5S and 45S rDNA in several species belonging to other genera in Benincaseae tribe was also investigated. The distribution pattern of rDNAs showed a great difference among these species.    Conclusions  The present study confirmed evolutionary closeness among cultivated watermelon ( C. lanatus  subsp.  vulgaris ),  C. lanatus  subsp.  mucosospermus  and  C. colocynthis . Our result also supported that  C. lanatus  subsp.  lanatus  was not a wild form of the cultivated watermelon instead was a separate crop species. In addition, present cytogenetic analysis suggested that  A. naudinianus  was more closely related to  Cucumis  than to  Citrullus  or  Acanthosicyos , but with a unique position and may be a link bridge between the  Citrullus  and the  Cucumis.

bmc evolutionary biology

Cytogenetic relationships among Citrullus species in comparison with some genera of the tribe Benincaseae (Cucurbitaceae) as inferred from rDNA distribution patterns