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Background  The evolutionary highly conserved neurohypophyseal hormones oxytocin and arginine vasopressin play key roles in regulating social cognition and behaviours. The effects of these two peptides are meditated by their specific receptors, which are encoded by the oxytocin receptor ( OXTR ) and arginine vasopressin receptor 1a genes ( AVPR1A ), respectively. In several species, polymorphisms in these genes have been linked to various behavioural traits. Little, however, is known about whether positive selection acts on sequence variants in genes influencing variation in human behaviours.    Results  We identified, in both neuroreceptor genes, signatures of balancing selection in the  cis -regulative acting sequences such as transcription factor binding and enhancer sequences, as well as in a transcriptional repressor sequence motif. Additionally, in the intron 3 of the  OXTR  gene, the SNP rs59190448 appears to be under positive directional selection. For rs59190448, only one phenotypical association is known so far, but it is in high LD’ (>0.8) with loci of known association; i.e. ,  variants associated with key pro-social behaviours and mental disorders in humans.    Conclusions  Only for one SNP on the OXTR gene (rs59190448) was a sign of positive directional selection detected with all three methods of selection detection. For rs59190448, however, only one phenotypical association is known, but rs59190448 is in high LD’ (>0.8), with variants associated with important pro-social behaviours and mental disorders in humans. We also detected various signatures of balancing selection on both neuroreceptor genes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0372-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc evolutionary biology

Signatures of positive selection in the cis-regulatory sequences of the human oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1A) genes