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Background  Alterations of bioelectrical properties of cells and tissues are known to function as wide-ranging signals during development, regeneration and wound-healing in several species. The  Drosophila  follicle-cell epithelium provides an appropriate model system for studying the potential role of electrochemical signals, like intracellular pH (pH i ) and membrane potential (V mem ), during development. Therefore, we analysed stage-specific gradients of pH i  and V mem  as well as their dependence on specific ion-transport mechanisms.    Results  Using fluorescent indicators, we found distinct alterations of pH i - and V mem -patterns during stages 8 to 12 of oogenesis. To determine the roles of relevant ion-transport mechanisms in regulating pH i  and V mem  and in establishing stage-specific antero-posterior and dorso-ventral gradients, we used inhibitors of Na + /H + -exchangers and Na + -channels (amiloride), V-ATPases (bafilomycin), ATP-sensitive K + -channels (glibenclamide), voltage-dependent L-type Ca 2+ -channels (verapamil), Cl − -channels (9-anthroic acid) and Na + /K + /2Cl − -cotransporters (furosemide). Either pH i  or V mem  or both parameters were affected by each tested inhibitor. While the inhibition of Na + /H + -exchangers (NHE) and amiloride-sensitive Na + -channels or of V-ATPases resulted in relative acidification, inhibiting the other ion-transport mechanisms led to relative alkalisation. The most prominent effects on pH i  were obtained by inhibiting Na + /K + /2Cl − -cotransporters or ATP-sensitive K + -channels. V mem  was most efficiently hyperpolarised by inhibiting voltage-dependent L-type Ca 2+ -channels or ATP-sensitive K + -channels, whereas the impact of the other ion-transport mechanisms was smaller. In case of very prominent effects of inhibitors on pH i  and/or V mem , we also found strong influences on the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral pH i - and/or V mem -gradients. For example, inhibiting ATP-sensitive K + -channels strongly enhanced both pH i -gradients (increasing alkalisation) and reduced both V mem -gradients (increasing hyperpolarisation). Similarly, inhibiting Na + /K + /2Cl − -cotransporters strongly enhanced both pH i -gradients and reduced the antero-posterior V mem -gradient. To minor extents, both pH i -gradients were enhanced and both V mem -gradients were reduced by inhibiting voltage-dependent L-type Ca 2+ -channels, whereas only both pH i -gradients were reduced (increasing acidification) by inhibiting V-ATPases or NHE and Na + -channels.    Conclusions  Our data show that in the  Drosophila  follicle-cell epithelium stage-specific pH i - and V mem -gradients develop which result from the activity of several ion-transport mechanisms. These gradients are supposed to represent important bioelectrical cues during oogenesis, e.g., by serving as electrochemical prepatterns in modifying cell polarity and cytoskeletal organisation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0192-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc developmental biology

Electrochemical patterns during Drosophila oogenesis: ion-transport mechanisms generate stage-specific gradients of pH and membrane potential in the follicle-cell epithelium