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Background  The effects of diverse stresses ultimately alter the structures and functions of proteins. As molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly conserved proteins that help in the refolding of misfolded proteins and the elimination of irreversibly damaged proteins. They are mediated by a family of transcription factors called heat shock factors (HSFs). The small abalone  Haliotis diversicolor  is a species naturally distributed along the southern coast of China. In this study, the expression of  HdHSF1  was inhibited by RNAi in hemocytes in order to further elucidate the regulatory roles of  HdHSF1  on heat shock responsive genes in abalone. Meanwhile, to understand the transcriptional regulation of the  HdHSF1  gene, the 5′-upstream regulatory region of  HdHSF1  was characterized, and the relative promoter activity was examined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay system in HEK293T cell lines.    Results  After the inhibition of the  H. diversicolor HSF1  gene ( HdHSF1 ) by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), the expression of most heat shock related-genes was down-regulated ( p  < 0.05). It indicated the importance of  HdHSF1  in the heat shock response of  H. diversicolor . Meanwhile, 5′-flanking region sequence (2633 bp) of the  HdHSF1  gene was cloned; it contained a putative core promoter region, TATA box, CAAT box, CpG island, and many transcription elements. In HEK293T cells, the 5′-flanking region sequence can drive expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), proving its promoter function. Exposure of cells to the high-temperature (39 °C and 42 °C) resulted in the activation of  HdHSF1  promoter activity, which may explain why the expression of the  HdHSF1  gene participates in heat shock response. Luciferase activity of different recombinant plasmids, which contained different truncated promoter fragments of the  HdHSF1  gene in HEK293T cells, revealed the possible active regions of the promoter. To further identify the binding site of the critical transcription factor in the region, an expression vector with the site-directed mutation was constructed. After being mutated on the GATA-1 binding site, we found that the luciferase activity was significantly increased, which suggested that the GATA-1 binding site has a certain weakening effect on the activity of the  HdHSF1  promoter.    Conclusions  These findings suggest that GATA-1 may be one of the transcription factors of  HdHSF1 , and a possible signaling pathway mediated by  HdHSF1  may exist in  H. diversicolor  to counteract the adverse effects of heat shock stress.    Supplementary Information   Supplementary information  accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12860-020-00323-9.

bmc molecular and cell biology

Regulatory effect of heat shock transcription factor-1 gene on heat shock proteins and its transcriptional regulation analysis in small abalone Haliotis diversicolor