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Background  Throughout the world, harvesting of mussels  Mytilus  spp. is based on the exploitation of natural populations and aquaculture. Aquaculture activities include transfers of spat and live adult mussels between various geographic locations, which may result in large-scale changes in the world distribution of  Mytilus  taxa.  Mytilus  taxa are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish. In spite of much research on taxonomy, evolution and geographic distribution, the native  Mytilu s taxa of the Southern Hemisphere are poorly understood. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been used to clarify the taxonomic status of populations of smooth shelled mussels from the Pacific coast of South America. In this paper, we used a set of SNPs to characterize, for the first time, populations of smooth shelled mussels  Mytilus  from the Atlantic coast of South America.    Results   Mytilus  spp. samples were collected from eastern South America. Six reference samples from the Northern Hemisphere were used:  Mytilus edulis  from USA and Northern Ireland,  Mytilus trossulus  from Canada, and  Mytilus galloprovincialis  from Spain and Italy. Two other reference samples from the Southern Hemisphere were included:  M. galloprovincialis  from New Zealand and  Mytilus chilensis  from Chile. Fifty-five SNPs were successfully genotyped, of which 51 were polymorphic. Population genetic analyses using the STRUCTURE program revealed the clustering of eight populations from Argentina ( Mytilus platensis ) and the clustering of the sample from Ushuaia with  M. chilensis  from Chile. All individuals in the Puerto Madryn (Argentina) sample were identified as  M. platensis  ×  M. galloprovincialis  F2 (88.89%) hybrids, except one that was classified as Mediterranean  M. galloprovincialis . No F1 hybrids were observed.    Conclusions  We demonstrate that  M. platensis  (or  Mytilus edulis platensis ) and  M. chilensis  are distinct native taxa in South America, which indicates that the evolutionary histories of  Mytilus  taxa along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts differ.  M. platensis  is endangered by hybridization with  M. galloprovincialis  that was introduced from Europe into the Puerto Madryn area in Argentina, presumably by accidental introduction via ship traffic. We confirm the occurrence of a native  M. chilensis  population in southern Argentina on the coast of Patagonia.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-018-0376-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

genetics selection evolution

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in native South American Atlantic coast populations of smooth shelled mussels: hybridization with invasive European Mytilus galloprovincialis