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Purpose  To quantify the dynamics of blood flow in brachial artery (BF-BA) in response to sinusoidal work rate (WR) leg cycling exercises of 2-, 4-, and 6-min periods and to examine their relationship with the forearm skin blood flow (SBF).    Methods  Seven healthy young male subjects performed upright leg ergometer exercise with a constant WR (mean sinusoidal WR) for 30 min followed by sinusoidal WR exercise of three different periods (number of repetitions): 2 min (7), 4 min (4), and 6 min (3). The WR fluctuated from 20 W to a peak WR corresponding to 60% peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ). We continuously measured pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood velocity and cross-sectional area of BA, and forearm SBF and sweating rate (SR).    Results  All variables were followed by the sinusoidal WR. The phases of the variables for gas exchange and central circulation, such as VO 2  and HR with WR forcing were similar (e.g., phase shift ( θ ) in HR [°]: 2 min, 60 ± 7; 4 min, 45 ± 10; 6 min, 37 ± 8; mean ± SD) to previous study results, that is, a longer period showed a shorter  θ  and larger amplitude of responses. Contrarily, the BF-BA response showed anti-phase (approximately 180°) regardless of the period, whereas the  θ  of forearm SBF and SR were similar to gas exchange and central circulation.    Conclusions  Inactive limb BF-BA during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise was out of phase relative to the regulation of O 2 -delivery to active muscles and thermoregulation. The response of BF-BA seems to not always reflect the response of forearm SBF in the downstream area.

Effect of sinusoidal leg cycling exercise period on brachial artery blood flow dynamics in humans