English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Multiple haplotypes at the same rice blast  R -gene locus share extremely high sequence similarity, which makes the gene diagnostic method using molecular markers less effective in differentiation from one another. The composition and distribution pattern of deployed  R  genes/haplotypes in elite rice varieties has not been extensively analyzed. In this study, we employed PCR amplification and sequencing approach for the diagnosis of  R -gene haplotypes in 54 Chinese elite rice varieties. A varied number of functional and nonfunctional haplotypes of 4 target major  R -gene loci, i.e.,  Pi2/9 ,  Pi5 ,  Pik , and  Pib , were deduced by referring to the reference sequences of known  R  genes. Functional haplotypes accounted for relatively low frequencies for the  Pi2/9  (15%) and  Pik  (9%) loci but for relatively high frequencies for the  Pi5  (50%) and  Pib  (54%) loci. Intriguingly, significant frequencies of 33%, 39%, 46% of non-functional haplotypes at the  Pi2/9 ,  Pik , and  Pib  loci, respectively, with traceable original donors were identified, suggesting that they were most likely unintentionally spread by using undesirable donors in various breeding programs. In the case of  Pi5  locus, only a single haplotype, i.e.,  Pi5  was identified. The reactions of 54 rice varieties to the differential isolates were evaluated, which showed a good correlation to the frequency of cognate avirulence ( Avr ) genes or haplotypes in the differential isolates. Four  R  genes, i.e.,  Pi2 ,  Piz-t ,  Pi50 , and  Pikm  were found to contribute significantly to the resistance of the elite rice varieties. Other two genes,  Pi9  and  Pikh , which were not utilized in rice varieties, showed promising values in breeding durable resistance due to their high resistance frequencies to the contemporary rice blast population. The sequence-based molecular diagnosis provided a promising approach for the identification and verification of haplotypes in different  R -gene loci and effective  R  genes valuable for breeding durable rice resistance to rice blast.

rice

Prevalence of Ineffective Haplotypes at the Rice Blast Resistance (R) Gene Loci in Chinese Elite Hybrid Rice Varieties Revealed by Sequence-Based Molecular Diagnosis