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Background  Plant senescence is a complicated process involving multiple regulations, such as temperature, light, reactive oxygen species (ROS), endogenous hormone levels, and diseases. Although many such genes have been characterized to understand the process of leaf senescence, there still remain many unknowns, and many more genes need to be characterized.    Results  We identified a rice mutant  nbl1  with a premature leaf senescence phenotype. The causative gene,  OsNBL1,  encodes a small protein with 94 amino acids, which is conserved in monocot, as well as dicot plants. Disruption of  OsNBL1  resulted in accelerated dark-induced leaf senescence, accompanied by a reduction in chlorophyll content and up-regulation of several senescence-associated genes. Notably, the  nbl1  mutant was more susceptible to rice blast and bacterial blight but more tolerant to sodium chloride. Several salt-induced genes, including  HAK 1,  HAK 5, and three  SNAC  genes, were also up-regulated in the  nbl1  mutant. Additionally, the  nbl1  mutant was more sensitive to salicylic acid. Plants overexpressing  OsNBL1  showed delayed dark-induced senescence, consistent with a higher chlorophyll content compared to wild-type plants. However, the overexpression plants were indistinguishable from the wild-types for resistance to the rice blast disease. OsNBL1 is a multi-organelle localized protein and interacts with OsClpP6, which is associated with senescence.    Conclusions  We described a novel leaf senescence mutant  nbl1  in rice .  It is showed that OsNBL1, a multi-organelle localized protein which interacts with a plastidic caseinolytic protease OsClpP6, is essential for controlling leaf senescence, disease resistance, and salt tolerance.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12284-020-00450-z.

OsNBL1, a Multi-Organelle Localized Protein, Plays Essential Roles in Rice Senescence, Disease Resistance, and Salt Tolerance