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Background  Aroma is an important grain quality trait in rice, controlled by mutations within the  BADH2  gene. The trait is simply inherited, and its importance in variety development makes it a practical target for marker-assisted selection in applied breeding programs. The predominant functional mutation within  BADH2,  an 8-bp indel, can be reliably detected using a PCR-based assay, but the available assays and associated genotyping platforms are insufficient for large-scale applied molecular breeding applications and are not compatible with outsourcing genotyping services.    Results  We first characterized SNP diversity across the  BADH2  gene in a collection of 2932 rice varieties to determine the number of gene haplotypes in  O. sativa . Using 297 gene-based SNPs, 11 haplotype groups were detected, and subsequently identified a minimal set of nine informative SNPs that uniquely identified the  BADH2  haplotypes. These nine SNPs were developed into KASP assays and used to examine a panel of 369 U.S. rice accessions. The panel represented modern breeding germplasm and included all known aroma pedigree sources in U.S. rice. Six haplotypes were detected within the U.S. panel, of which two were found in majority (85%) of varieties. A representative set of 39 varieties from all haplotype groups was evaluated phenotypically to distinguish aromatic from non-aromatic lines.    Conclusion  One haplotype (Hap 6) was found to be perfectly associated with the aromatic phenotype. A single KASP SNP unique to Hap 6 was demonstrated to reliably differentiate aromatic from non-aromatic rice varieties across U.S. germplasm.

Characterization of Haplotype Diversity in the BADH2 Aroma Gene and Development of a KASP SNP Assay for Predicting Aroma in U.S. Rice