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Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is an important enzyme in purine metabolism. It is involved in regulation of the normal growth and non-biological stress-induced ageing processes in plants. The present study investigated XDH’s role in regulating rice leaf senescence. We measured physical characteristics, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters, active oxygen metabolism, and purine metabolism in wild-type Kitaake rice ( Oryza sativa  L.), an  OsXDH  over-expression transgenic line ( OE9 ), and an  OsXDH  RNA interference line ( Ri3 ) during different growth stages. The expression patterns of the  OsXDH  gene confirmed that XDH was involved in the regulation of normal and abiotic stress-induced ageing processes in rice. There was no significant difference between the phenotypes of transgenic lines and wild type at the seedling stage, but differences were observed at the full heading and maturation stages. The  OE9  plants were taller, with higher chlorophyll content, and their photosystems had stronger light energy absorption, transmission, dissipation, and distribution capacity, which ultimately improved the seed setting rate and 1000-seed weight. The opposite effect was found in the  Ri3  plants. The  OE9  line had a strong ability to remove reactive oxygen species, with increased accumulation of allantoin and alantoate. Experimental spraying of allantoin on leaves showed that it could alleviate chlorophyll degradation and decrease the content of H 2 O 2  and malonaldehyde (MDA) in rice leaves after the full heading stage. The urate oxidase gene ( UO ) expression levels in the interference line were significantly lower than those in the over-expression line and wild-type lines. The allantoinase ( ALN ) and allantoate amidinohydrolase ( AAH ) genes had significantly higher expression in the  Ri3  plants than the in  OE9  or wild-type plants, with  OE9  plants showing the lowest levels. The senescence-related genes  ACD1 ,  WRKY23 ,  WRKY53 ,  SGR ,  XERO1 , and  GH27  in  Ri3  plants had the highest expression levels, followed by those in the wild-type plants, with  OE9  plants showing the lowest levels. These results suggest that enhanced activity of XDH can regulate the synthesis of urea-related substances, improve plant antioxidant capacity, effectively delay the ageing process in rice leaves, and increase rice yield.

Enhancing xanthine dehydrogenase activity is an effective way to delay leaf senescence and increase rice yield