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Background  Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are two fundamental components of starch and protein, which are important determinants of grain yield and quality. The food preferences of consumers and the expected end-use of grains in different rice-growing regions require diverse varieties that differ in terms of the grain N content (GNC) and grain C content (GCC) of milled rice. Thus, it is important that quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes with large effects on the variation of GNC and GCC are identified in breeding programs.    Results  To dissect the genetic basis of the variation of GNC and GCC in rice, the Dumas combustion method was used to analyze 751 diverse accessions regarding the GNC, GCC, and C/N ratio of the milled grains. The GCC and GNC differed significantly among the rice subgroups, especially between  Xian / Indica  ( XI ) and  Geng / Japonica  ( GJ ). Interestingly, in the  GJ  subgroup, the GNC was significantly lower in modern varieties (MV) than in landraces (LAN). In the  XI  subgroup, the GCC was significantly higher in MV than in LAN. One, six, and nine QTLs, with 55 suggestively associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, were detected for the GNC, GCC, and C/N ratio in three panels during a single-locus genome-wide association study (GWAS). Three of these QTLs were also identified in a multi-locus GWAS. We screened 113 candidate genes in the 16 QTLs in gene-based haplotype analyses. Among these candidate genes,  LOC_Os01g06240  at  qNC-1.1 ,  LOC_Os05g33300  at  qCC-5.1 ,  LOC_Os01g04360  at  qCN-1.1 , and  LOC_Os05g43880  at  qCN-5.2  may partially explain the significant differences between the LAN and MV. These candidate genes should be cloned and may be useful for molecular breeding to rapidly improve the GNC, GCC, and C/N ratio of rice.    Conclusions  Our findings represent valuable information regarding the genetic basis of the GNC and GCC and may be relevant for enhancing the application of favorable haplotypes of candidate genes for the molecular breeding of new rice varieties with specific grain N and C contents.

Genome-Wide Association Analysis Dissects the Genetic Basis of the Grain Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Milled Rice