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Background  Rice is a major food resource for Asian countries including Korea. However, most Asian countries are facing food safety problems due to cropland contamination by heavy metals. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate genetic factors affecting the expression of cadmium (Cd) gene, and to confirm differences in Cd translocation among cultivars because the current molecular understanding of Cd uptake-transport mechanisms remains insufficient. Associations between genotypes and gene expression level of Cd-related genes such as NRAMP, MTP, and HMA gene families in the rice core collection were analyzed at the genomic level.    Results  Os01g0956700, Os05g0128400 and Os11g0485200 showed strong associations between expression level and genotype in the rice core collection, the regulatory factors that associated with these genes in  cis  and  trans  were founded. The association between the expression level and genotype of the candidate gene (Os01g0611300: metal tolerance protein) predicted to affect Cd content in rice by a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also analyzed. Furthermore, as a result of the phylogeny and haplotype analyses of the candidate gene, high-Cd tolerance cultivars were selected. The correlations between Cd and other inorganic components (Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) in the roots, stems, leaves and unpolished grain of selected rice cultivars were analyzed.    Conclusion  Therefore, these results may be useful for understanding the uptake-transport mechanisms of Cd and other inorganic components via molecular genetics and may help rice breeders develop new low-Cd cultivars in the near future.

Functional Haplotype and eQTL Analyses of Genes Affecting Cadmium Content in Cultivated Rice