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Background  Parent-of-origin gene expression and its role in seed development have drown a great attention in recent years. Genome-wide analysis has identified hundreds of candidate imprinted genes, a major type of parent-of-origin genes, in rice hybrid endosperms at the stage of 5 days after pollination (dap). However, the expression of these genes in early endosperm have been never confirmed due to technique limitations and the behavior of the imprinted genes in different rice hybridizations are still largely unknown.    Results  Here, based on our elaborate technique established previously, the expression patterns of  PcG  genes in the early stages of endosperm development (within 3 dap), were comprehensively analyzed. We revealed that the free nucleus stage of endosperm development is critical for parent-of-origin gene analysis. The expression of the imprinted genes are highly dynamic, likely corresponding to the critical developmental events during this period. Hybridizations between  Oryza sativa  japonica and indica showed that the expression patterns of the same imprinted gene could be varied by crossing with different parental cultivars, indicative of their parent-dependent character. There are strong alleles that often showed predominant expression over other alleles regardless of the parental origin, which provides a possible explanation for the cultivar-dependent predominant phenotype in crop hybridizations. In addition, we found that the transcripts of the same gene behave differently, with imprinting or non-imprinting patterns, suggesting the existence of not only imprinted and non-imprinted genes but also imprinted or non-imprinted transcripts, which reveals new aspects of the genomic imprinting.    Conclusions  These findings on the characters of parent-of-origin genes shed light on the understanding the real role of gene imprinting in endosperm development.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-019-0306-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

rice

Detailed observation on expression dynamics of Polycomb group genes during rice early endosperm development in subspecies hybridization reveals their characteristics of parent-of-origin genes