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Seed setting rate is one of the major components that determine rice ( Oryza sativa  L.) yield. Successful fertilization is necessary for normal seed setting. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing this process. In this study, we report a novel rice gene,  LOW SEED SETTING RATE1  ( LSSR1 ), which regulates the seed setting rate by facilitating rice fertilization.  LSSR1  encodes a putative GH5 cellulase, which is highly conserved in plants.  LSSR1  is predominantly expressed in anthers during the microsporogenesis stage, and its encoded protein contains a signal peptide at the N-terminal, which may be a secretory protein that stores in pollen grains and functions during rice fertilization. To explore the physiological function of LSSR1 in rice, loss-of-function mutants of  LSSR1  were created through the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which showed a significant decrease in rice seed setting rate. However, the morphology of the vegetative and reproductive organs appears normal in  lssr1  mutant lines. In addition,  lssr1  pollen grains could be normally stained by I 2 -KI solution. Cytological results demonstrate that the blockage of fertilization mostly accounted for the low seed setting rate in  lssr1  mutant lines, which was most likely caused by abnormal pollen grain germination, failed pollen tube penetration, and retarded pollen tube elongation. Together, our results suggest that  LSSR1  plays an important role in rice fertilization, which in turn is vital for maintaining rice seed setting rate.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-019-0280-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LSSR1 facilitates seed setting rate by promoting fertilization in rice