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Background  Grain size, which is determined by grain length, grain width, and grain thickness, is an important determinant for grain yield in rice. Identification and characterization of new genes that are associated with grain size will be helpful for the improvement of grain yield in rice.    Results  We characterized the grain size mutant,  larger grain size 1  ( lgs1 ), derived from rice activation-tagged T-DNA insertion lines. Histological analysis showed that increased cell numbers in the longitudinal direction of spikelet hulls was responsible for the grain mutant phenotype in  lgs1 . Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further showed that the expression levels of genes associated with the cell cycle in the young panicles of the  lgs1  were higher than those in the wild type (WT), which might result in the increased cell numbers in  lgs1  spikelet hulls. Insertion site analysis together with transgenic experiments confirmed that the  lgs1  phenotype was caused by enhanced expression of truncated  OsbHLH107 , corresponding to the nucleotide (nt) 331–846 region (i.e., the transcriptional activation region of OsbHLH107) of the  OsbHLH107  coding sequence (CDS). OsbHLH107 is a nucleus-localized bHLH transcription factor, which can form a homodimer with itself. Phylogenetic analysis showed that OsbHLH107 belonged to the same subfamily as OsPILs.  OsPIL13  ( OsPIL1 ) and  OsPIL16  ( APG ) were reported to regulate grain size in rice. By transgenic experiments, we found that  OsPIL11  could also regulate grain size.    Conclusion  We concluded that OsbHLH107 and its homologs are important regulators of grain size development and might be useful for grain yield improvement in rice.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-018-0237-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Overexpression of OsbHLH107, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family, enhances grain size in rice (Oryza sativa L.)